What is the energy supply in the park?

The energy supply and its supporting systems in the park are intricate, encompassing not only the traditional power grid but also newer energy supplies and essential municipal infrastructures such as gas, heat, and water supply.

What are the applications of IES in parks?

The technical research and application of IESs in parks largely focus on renewable energy utilization, centralized regional cooling and heating systems, energy-efficient transformations in production processes and technologies, waste heat recovery, and energy storage for electric vehicles, integrated with information technology systems [10, 20].

Who are the key stakeholders in the park energy system?

As IESs evolve, core stakeholders such as energy supply companies remain upstream in the park energy system's business chain, while energy sellers, technology providers, and third-party service companies, engage variably to share benefits and risks.

Do industrial parks pose environmental challenges?

However, they also pose significant environmental challenges. China, as the world's leading emitter of carbon, attributes nearly 70 % of its industrial energy consumption to these parks, with industrial parks alone responsible for approximately 31 % of national carbon emissions [1, 2].

What is the energy circulation process in parks?

Literature review In terms of energy consumption and energy management, the energy circulation process within parks encompasses five key segments: energy production, conversion, transmission, storage, and consumption.

What types of energy systems are used in parks?

Common energy systems in these parks include integrated systems for cooling, heating, and power, alongside wind, solar, and energy storage technologies. These systems facilitate diverse energy utilization methods such as wind power, photovoltaic generation, and gas-fired heating [9, 10, 19].